浙江省中西部典型地区PM2.5中二次有机气溶胶示踪物的分布特征

为了解我国中小城市地区SOA（二次有机气溶胶）的质量浓度及来源,采集了浙江省中西部典型地区——兰溪市城区和近郊2个站点2016年四季的PM_2.5样品,利用GC/MS（气相色谱/质谱）分析了PM_2.5中11种指示不同来源的SOA示踪物的质量浓度水平,利用示踪物产率法估算了不同来源前体物对SOC（二次有机碳）的贡献.结果表明:兰溪市PM_2.5中ρ（异戊二烯SOA示踪物）的年均值为40.79 ng/m3,约占检测示踪物总质量浓度的89%;ρ（α-蒎烯SOA示踪物）、ρ（β-石竹烯SOA示踪物）和ρ（甲苯SOA示踪物）的年均值分别为4.09、0.36和1.01 ng/m3.ρ（异戊二烯SOA示踪物）和ρ（α-蒎烯SOA示踪物）存在夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季的季节性变化趋势,ρ（β-石竹烯SOA示踪物）为秋季、冬季 > 春季、夏季,而ρ（甲苯SOA示踪物）的季节性变化不显著,表明不同类型VOCs（挥发性有机物）前体物排放量的季节性变化明显不同.基于示踪物产率法的估算结果表明:夏季异戊二烯等植物源VOCs可能是兰溪市PM_2.5中SOA的主要来源;而春季、秋季、冬季甲苯等人为源VOCs是SOA的主要前体物,贡献了兰溪市PM_2.5中ρ（SOC）的60%左右.研究显示,减少人为源VOCs的排放对相关地区灰霾及大气细颗粒物污染的防控具有重要作用.      

海峡西岸清洁岛屿秋季VOCs特征及来源解析

挥发性有机物（VOCs）是臭氧（O₃）和二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的重要前体物.为夯实国内海岛背景点VOCs监测,研究海峡西岸清洁岛屿平潭VOCs污染特征及来源,探索化学二次生成对清洁岛屿O₃的影响,于2018年秋季,对平潭大气VOCs进行了监测研究.结果表明,平潭2018年秋季VOCs浓度为1.94~52.12 μg·m^-3,平均值为15.54 μg·m^-3,烷烃占比最高（66.02%）,乙烷为浓度的最大物种,达到6.82 μg·m^-3.平潭秋季VOCs浓度日变化呈双峰型,表现出典型的人类活动相关性.经比较甲苯/苯（T/B）可知,平潭秋季VOCs来源主要是交通排放及燃料蒸发.利用正交矩阵分解（PMF）源解析发现,汽车尾气（72.8%）、船舶排放（12.4%）、生物质燃烧（8.7%）、工业排放和溶剂使用（3.5%）和燃料蒸发（2.6%）是平潭VOCs的五大来源.平潭秋季VOCs的O₃生成潜势（OFP）差异较大,其中,烯烃（62.6%） > 烷烃（24.7%） > 芳香烃（12.7%）.当平潭O₃属于VOCs控制型时,控制大气中烯烃的浓度可一定程度上防治平潭O₃的污染.     

春季东海挥发性有机硫化物(VSCs)分布的研究

于2017年3~4月首次对东海表层海水及大气中3种主要挥发性有机硫化物（VSCs）即羰基硫（COS）、二甲基硫（DMS）、二硫化碳（CS₂）的浓度分布进行观测,研究了海水中3种主要VSCs的相关性,并估算了3种VSCs的海-气通量.结果表明,东海表层海水COS、DMS和CS₂的浓度平均值分别为（1.0±0.4）、（6.8±6.8）和（0.6±0.4）nmol/L,总体来看东海表层水中3种VSCs呈现出近岸高、远海低的分布趋势.相关性分析表明DMS与Chl-a存在显著相关性,表明浮游植物生物量是影响东海海水中DMS分布的主要因素;同时DMS与CS₂存在着显著的相关性,表明这2种物质的来源有着一定的共性.大气中COS、DMS和CS₂的浓度平均值分别为：（294.7±158.8）、（22.7±18.0）和（108.8±88.1）×10^-12,分布呈现出近岸高,远海低的趋势,主要受到人为活动等陆源输入的影响.此外春季东海COS、DMS和CS₂的海-气通量平均值分别为（4.0±3.4）、（25.8±33.8）和（2.6±2.9）μmol/（m²⋅d）,表明春季东海是大气中3种VSCs重要的源.     

基于聚类分析的长治市夏季VOCs来源及活性

分析长治市夏季环境VOCs浓度及其反应活性（以OH·消耗速率计）,基于聚类分析与正定矩阵因子分解法 （PMF）解析VOCs来源.结果表明：长治市总VOCs平均浓度为37.40 μg/m³,平均活性水平为5.07s^-1,具有本地新鲜排放和反应后混合的特征.机动车排放、燃煤、液化石油气/天然气（LPG/ NG）使用、工艺过程和溶剂使用源对环境VOCs的贡献分别为29.7%、29.2%、23.5%、11.6%和6.1%;对具有新鲜排放特征VOCs的贡献分别为34.6%、38.4%、10.1%、8.5%和8.5%.长治市VOCs主要受本地机动车与燃煤源排放的影响,而LPG/ NG使用源与工艺过程源可通过区域传输影响本地环境VOCs.可见,有效控制本地机动车与燃煤源排放、加强市区周边LPG/NG使用与工艺过程源的联防联控,是降低长治市环境VOCs浓度与O₃生成的有效途径.     

The short-chain perfluorinated compounds PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA, disrupt human mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and adipogenic differentiation

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are commonly used in industrial processes and daily life products. Because they are persistent, they accumulate in the environment, wildlife and humans. Although many studies have focused on two of the most representative PFASs, PFOS and PFOA, the potential toxicity of short-chain PFASs has not yet been given sufficient attention. We used a battery of assays to evaluate the toxicity of several four-carbon and six-carbon perfluorinated sulfonates and carboxyl acids (PFBS, PFHxS, PFBA and PFHxA), with a human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) system. Our results demonstrate significant cyto- and potential developmental toxicity for all the compounds analyzed, with shared but also distinct mechanisms of toxicity. Moreover, the effects of PFBS and PFHxS were stronger than those of PFBA and PFHxA, but occurred at higher doses compared to PFOS or PFOA.     

广州典型印刷企业VOCs排放特征及环境影响和健康风险评价

本文以广州市典型印刷企业为研究对象,通过对各排放环节的浓度和组分的全面统计和综合分析,深入探讨广州市该行业VOCs排放特征、环境影响及人体健康风险.结果表明,印前环节车间VOCs浓度为3.51~73.57mg/m³,印刷环节车间VOCs浓度为0.86~435.10mg/m³,印后环节车间VOCs浓度为0.05~221.93mg/m³,废气治理设施出口浓度为4.28~66.84mg/m³,处理效率为3.01%~54.90%;且VOCs物种以芳香烃类、醇醚类和酯类为主,平均臭氧生成潜势为111.09mg/m³,其中芳香烃类物质对环境影响贡献和人体健康风险较大,建议加强针对性控制.     

Characteristics and ozone formation potential of volatile organic compounds in emissions from a typical Chinese coking plant

Coking industry is an important volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission source in China, however, detailed information on VOCs emissions is lacking. Therefore, we selected a typical mechanized coking plant and collected air samples according to the Emission Standard of Pollutants for Coking Chemical Industry (GB16171-2012). Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method, we analyzed the VOCs in the air samples, and applied maximum increment reactivity (MIR) rule to estimate ozone formation potential (OFP) of the VOCs emitted from the coke production. More than 90 VOCs species were detected from the coking plant, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs. The concentrations of VOCs (ρ(VOCs)) generated at different stages of the coking process are significantly different. ρ(VOCs) from coke oven chimney had the highest concentration (87.1 mg/m³), followed by coke pushing (4.0 mg/m³), coal charging (3.3 mg/m³) and coke oven tops (1.1 mg/m³). VOCs species emitted from the coke production processes were dominated by alkanes and alkenes, but the composition proportions were different at the different stages. Alkenes were the most abundant emission species in flue gases of the coke oven chimney accounting for up to 66% of the total VOCs, while the VOCs emissions from coke pushing and coal charging were dominated by alkanes (36% and 42%, respectively), and the alkanes and alkenes emitted from coke oven top were similar (31% and 29%, respectively). Based on above results, reduction of VOCs emissions from coke oven chimney flue gases is suggested to be an effective measure, especially for alkenes.     

Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing: Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment

Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed by an on-line gas chromatography-flame ionization detector monitoring system from November 2016 to August 2017 in Beijing. The average concentrations were winter (40.27 ± 25.25 μg/m³) > autumn (34.25 ± 19.90 µg/m³) > summer (32.53 ± 17.39 µg/m³) > spring (24.72 ± 17.22 µg/m³). Although benzene (15.70%), propane (11.02%), ethane (9.32%) and n-butane (6.77%) were the most abundant species, ethylene (14.07%) and propene (11.20%) were the key reactive species to ozone formation potential (OFP), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene + p-xylene and o-xylene (54.13%) were the most reactive species to secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP). The diurnal and seasonal variations indicated that diesel vehicle emission during early morning, gasoline vehicle emission at the traffic rush hours and coal burning during the heating period might be important sources. Five major sources were further identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF). The vehicle exhaust (gasoline exhaust and diesel exhaust) was found to be contributed most to atmospheric VOCs, with 43.59%, 41.91%, 50.45% and 43.91%, respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter; while solvent usage contributed least, with 11.10%, 7.13%, 14.00% and 19.87%, respectively. Biogenic emission sources (13.11%) were only identified in summer. However, both vehicle exhaust and solvent usage were identified to be the key sources considering contributions to the OFP and SOAFP. Besides, the contributions of combustion during heating period and gasoline evaporation source during warm seasons to OFP and SOAFP should not be overlooked.     

宝鸡市秋冬季大气VOCs浓度特征及其O3和SOA生成潜势

2017年10月、12月在宝鸡市城区开展了共29d的挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度在线监测,共测出102种VOCs,分别采用最大增量反应活性（MIR）系数法和气溶胶生成系数（FAC）法估算了宝鸡市各VOCs组分的臭氧生成潜势（OFPs）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAFPs）,筛选出生成O₃与SOA活性最大的VOCs成分.结果表明：宝鸡市秋季和冬季TVOC的浓度分别为（68.62±21.85）×10^-9和（42.44±16.62）×10^-9,总OFPs分别为185.49×10^-9和126.00×10^-9,总SOAFPs分别为3.26,0.65μg/m³.秋季VOCs中含量最多的2种组分为烷烃（21.83×10^-9）和芳香烃（13.37×10^-9）,分别占TVOC的31.82%和19.49%,乙烯、反-2-戊烯和甲苯是OFPs最大的3个成分,甲苯、间/对二甲苯和乙苯是SOAFPs最大的3个成分.而在冬季,烷烃（17.34×10^-9）和炔烃（8.81×10^-9）是VOCs中含量最多的2种组分,分别占TVOC的40.85%和20.75%,乙烯、丙烯、乙炔是OFPs最大的3个成分,甲苯、间/对二甲苯、乙苯是SOAFPs最大的3个成分.优先减少烯烃和芳香烃的排放是宝鸡市秋冬季抑制O₃和SOA的形成的有效途径.     

The pollution levels, variation characteristics, sources and implications of atmospheric carbonyls in a typical rural area of North China Plain during winter

Atmospheric carbonyls were measured at a typical rural area of the North China Plain (NCP) from November 13 to December 24, 2017 to investigate the pollution characteristics, sources and environmental implications. Fifteen carbonyls were detected, and formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone accounted for about 81% at most. The concentration of the total carbonyls in heavily polluted days was twice more than that in clean days. In contrast to other carbonyls, m-tolualdehyde exhibited relatively high concentrations in the clean days in comparison with the polluted days. The ratios of three principal carbonyls to CO showed similar daily variations at different pollution levels with significant daytime peaks. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the contributions of background, primary and secondary sources to three principal carbonyls showed similar variation trends from the clean level to the heavily polluted level. The OH formation rate of formaldehyde showed a similar variation trend to its photodegradation rate, reaching the peak value at noon, which is important to maintain relatively high OH levels to initiate the oxidation of various gas-phase pollutants for secondary pollutant formation at the rural site. OH radical consumption rate and ozone formation potential (OFP) calculations showed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant oxidative species among measured carbonyls. As for OH radical consumption, n-butyraldehyde and m-tolualdehyde were important contributors, while for ozone formation potential, n-butyraldehyde and propionaldehyde made significant contributions. In addition, the contribution of carbonyl compounds to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was also important and needs further investigation.